Pick up a pencil．Lift your foot．Raise your arm．These directions may sound simple，but many parts of your body must work together for you to make those movements．Your joints are parts of your body that help your bones move．With little effort，joints move bones in different directions．But some people's joints do not work well because of illness or injury．Their joints sometimes have to be replaced with artificial ones．
Joints look simple．You might think that scientists would have no trouble making artificial joints that work as well as real joints．After over a century of trying，scientists are just beginning to find ways of making artificial joints that work well．
What problems have to be solved in building an artificial joint？First，some joints have to be strong enough to support most of a person's weight．The first artificial hip-joint，built in 1891，failed because it could not hold up a person's weight．
Second，joints have to be flexible to allow movement in different directions．
Third，joints must be made of materials that the body will not reject．Usually，the body reacts to foreign substances by producing cells that attack and destroy the substances．To the body an artificial joint is a foreign substance that should be destroyed．
Scientists have finally found ways to solve these problems．Nowadays the artificial knee-joint is made of a special metal and plastic．The metal is a combination of silicon （硅） and stainless steel．The metal is strong，so it can support the weight of the body．The plastic is a flexible material．It allows the joint to move easily．Medicines have been discovered that will prevent the body from rejecting the artificial joint．People who have lost the use of a joint can get an artificial joint that works almost as well as the original one．
81．Which parts of our body help our bones move？（No more than 2 words）___
82．How many years have scientists been working to find ways of making artificial j
刘振茂回答：
81．The joints．/Our joints．细节理解题．Your joints are parts of your body that help your bones move这句话告诉我们人体关节部位帮助人身体移动．可以直接找到答案．82．Over a century．/Mor...
